ⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⴼⴻⵙ

ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⴰⵏ
ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ
ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⴼⴻⵙ
ⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⴼⴻⵙ cover image

ⵜⴰⵣⵙⴰⵔⴻⵜ

ⵅⴰⵢⴻⵍⴷ ⴱⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⴼ(x)ⵖ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⴱⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⴹ ?

ⴰⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰⵢ ? ⵏⴻⵃⵡⴰⴵ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⴰⵍⵜⴰ:

f(x)=0f'(x) = 0

ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵖⴼ’ⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴻⵀⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵃⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴻⵔⵣⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⵇⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏⵙⴻⵏⵜ. ⵉⵀⵉ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⴷ-ⵜⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵏⴻⵃⵡⴰⴵ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ'ⵖ.

ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⴱⵏⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ

ⴰⴷ ⴷⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⴱⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴷⵢⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ:

Graph 1

ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⴱⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ɣx_{0}ɣ. ⵉⵙⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜⴰ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵏⴻⵙⵙⴻⵇⵔⴻⴱ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵖⵅ*ⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ'(ⵖⵅ*ⵖ) = 0ɣ. ⵉⵀⵉ ⵓⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⵓ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵃⵔⵉⵛⴻⵏ:

  • ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵖⵅⵖ ? ⴰⵣⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏⴻⵖ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ ?

  • ⴰⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ?

ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵄⵜⵏⵏⵉ

ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⴱⵏⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵏⴻⵔⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⴰⴳⵉ ⵉ ⴷⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ:

Graph 2

Graph 3

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ:

  • ⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ɣx*$, ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵛⵜⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴻⵔⵏⵉ.

  • ⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ɣx*$ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵛⵜⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵃⴰⵣ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴻⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵙ:

  • ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵛⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴻⵔⵏⵉ ɣ\impliesɣ ⵍⵇⴻⴷⴷ ɣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴻⵔⵙⵉⵡ.

  • ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵛⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵃⴻⵣⵣⵉⴱ ⵖ\impliceɣ ⵍⵇⴻⴷⴷ ⵖⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵏⴻⴳⴰⵜⵉⴼ.

ⴰⴷ ⵏⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⴻⵍⵍⵉ: \

ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜⵏⵏⵉ ɣf'(x_{0})ɣ:

tangent(x0):g(x)=f(x0).(xx0)+f(x0)tangent(x*{0}): g(x) = f'(x*{0}).(x-x*{0}) + f(x*{0})

ⵉⵀⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴻⵇⵙⵉ "Anida ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ɣx_{0}ɣ ?":

  • ⵖⴼ'(x_{0}) < 0ɣ ɣ\impliesɣx0ⵖⵖⴻⵔⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙⵏɣx ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ɣx* $\impliesɣ Yessefk ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵣⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ.

  • ⵖⴼ'(x_{0}) > 0ɣ ɣ\impliesɣ ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ɣx* \impliesɣ Yessefk ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ɣx_{0}ɣ ⵙ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⴻⵏⵏⵏⵉ

ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵜⴻⵇⵙⵉ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵙⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ɣx_{0}ɣ ?

ⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⵢⴰⵜⴻⵏⴰ :

Graph 4

Graph 5

ⵏⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⴽⴽⴻⵙ ⴱⴻⵍⵍⵉ:

  • ɣx_{0}ⵉⵇⴻⵔⵔⴻⴱⵖⴻⵔɣx ⵉⵇⴻⵔⵔⴻⴱ ⵖⴻⵔ ɣx* => ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵛⵟⵓⵃⵜ => ɣⴼ'(x_{0})ⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵛⵟⵓⵃⵜ.

  • ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵉⴱⴻⵄⴷⴻⴹ ⵖⴻⴼ ɣx*ⵖ => ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ => ɣⴼ'(x_{0})ⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵙⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏⴰ, ⵏⴻⴽⴽⴻⵙⴷ ⴱⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵔⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ɣx_{0}ⵖ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⴷ-ⵜⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴻⵔⵖⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ɣx_{0}ⵖ.

ⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵔⵖⴻⵔⵜ

ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵙⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵄⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⴼⴻⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴻⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵍⴰ (algorithme iteratif d’optimisation) ⵉ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵇⴻⵔⵔⵉⴱⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵖⵅ*ⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵍⴰ ⵖⵅ_{0}ⵖ. Algorithme ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴷⴻⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ:

xn+1=xnlr×dfdx_nx*{n+1} = x*{n} - lr \times \frac{\mathrm{d} f}{\mathrm{d} x\_{n}}

ⴰⵏⴷⴰ:

  • \ⴼⵔⴰⵛ\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎⴷⴼ\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎⴷx\ⴼⵔⴰⵛ{\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎ{ⴷ} ⴼ}{\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎ{ⴷ} x*{ⵏ}} ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵖⴷⴻⴳⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜⴼⵖ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵏⴻⵇⴹⵉⵜ x*{ⵏ}ɣ.

  • ⵖⵍⵔⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ (constante positif) ⵉ ⴷⵢⴻⵙⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵔⵉⵙⴻⵏ.

ⴳⵣⵓ ⴱⴻⵍⵍⵉ:

  • xx_{ⵏ} ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ xx* => \ⴼⵔⴰⵛⴷⴼx>0\ⴼⵔⴰⵛ{\mathrm{ⴷ} ⴼ}{\mathrm{ⴷ} x_{ⵏ}} > 0 => x+1=xⴰⵙⴻⵎⴷⵓx_{ⵏ+ 1} = x_{ⵏ} - ⴰⵙⴻⵎⴷⵓ => xx_{ⵏ} ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵇⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ.

  • xx_{ⵏ} ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ xx* => \ⴼⵔⴰⵛ\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎⴷⴼ\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎⴷx<0ɣ=>\ⴼⵔⴰⵛ{\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎ{ⴷ} ⴼ}{\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎ{ⴷ} x_{ⵏ}} < 0ɣ => x*{ⵏ +1} = x*{ⵏ} + ⴰⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰⴷ =>=>x_{ⵏ}$ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵇⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴻⴼⴼⵓⵙ.

  • ɣx_{ⵏ}ⵉⵇⴻⵔⴱⴻⵏⵖⴻⵔɣx ⵉⵇⴻⵔⴱⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ɣx* => \ⴼⵔⴰⵛⴷⴼx\ⴼⵔⴰⵛ{\mathrm{ⴷ} ⴼ}{\mathrm{ⴷ} x_{ⵏ}} ⵉⵇⴻⵔⴱⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ 0ɣ=>Asnefliⴰⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉ0ɣ => Asnefli ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵉ x_{ ⵏ}ⵖ.

ⴰⵙⴻⵇⵙⵉ

  • ⵎⴻⵍⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵃⴱⴻⵙ ⵓⵖⴻⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵔⵖⴻⵔⵜ:

  • ⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ɣx_{ⵏ}$ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏ.

  • ⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ɣx_{ⵏ}ⵖ ⵉⵇⴻⵔⵔⴻⴱ ⵖⴻⵔ ɣ_{0}ⵖ .

  • ⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ \ⴼⵔⴰⵛ\ⵎⴰⵟⵀⵔⵎⴷⴼ\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎⴷx_=0\ⴼⵔⴰⵛ{\ⵎⴰⵟⵀⵔⵎ{ⴷ} ⴼ}{\ⵎⴰⵜⵀⵔⵎ{ⴷ} x\_{ⵏ}} = 0 . ⵅⵅⵅ

  • ⴰⵎⴻⴽ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⴻⵏ ɣx_{0}$:

  • ⵏⴻⴼⵔⴻⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵍⴰ. ⵅⵅⵅ

  • ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵍⴻⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ɣx{ⵏ}$.

  • ⵉⵛⵓⴷⴷ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ.

  • ⴰⵢⵖⴻⵔ ⵉ ⵏⴻⵃⵡⴰⴵ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵔⵖⴻⵔⵜ :

  • ⵉⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴻⵍⴽⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵄⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴻⵙⴱⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⴻⵔⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵔⵉ.

  • ⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⵡⴻⵄⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴼⴻⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵥⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⴰⵏ. ⵅⵅⵅ

  • ⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵙⵄⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ.


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